ICROSS extends diarrhoea prevention September 2011

ICROSS steps up diarrhoea control for young children

Children during drought are very vulnerable to dehydration and infections. one of the most serious medical problems are water borne diseases. We have been working on preventing diarrhoeal infection since the early 1980s http://rehydrate.org/dd/dd39.htm#page8 We learned from our early work in preventing water borne disease that "The success of Interventions relating to practical hygiene is due to the fact that many of our own community health workers are Maasai and Samburu warriors who are part of the community and who have combined what they see as 'modernism' with traditional practices.

There is an important place for building on cultural perceptions and ideas and those beliefs are essential in building and designing any community health initiative. As one of our health workers said: 'At the end of the day, a mother will listen to her mother's advice rather than to a stranger's. She'll draw on her experience from her world, not from ideas given her in another language.' Our work has grown over the three decades to include child survival in traditional communities.

During the current drought ICROSS community health teams are working in homes an villages to make sure we identify children who are loosing weight early enough to intervene. This is possible by community owned hygiene and sanitation projects. You can help us reach these children to prevent severe malnutrition by getting directly involved and donating online http://www.icross-africa.net/ to our diarrhoea prevention programme. Please help our drought relief programme by donating or guying something to help out mother and child health work in Africa on http://www.icross-africa.net/#!__store/mothercare

your support is essential in order for ICROSS to continue its vital work. at a time when the whole world has problems , it is easy for us to forget those who are most in need. Please help today and visit http://www.icross-africa.net/#!__store

Further information
More about ICROSS diarrhoeal work can be found on http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673696023094 and http://adc.bmj.com/content/81/4/337.abstract and http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/284/2/152.short http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/155/4/1310.short http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2802%2907427-5/fulltext and also http://myanmar.digitaljournals.org/index.php/MJCMP/article/view/656/642 http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=11216015



Further reading



Conroy RM, Meegan ME, Joyce T, McGuigan K, Barnes J. Solar

disinfection of drinking water protects against cholera in children

under 6 years of age. Arch Dis Child 2001;85(4):293-5.



Meegan M, Morley DC. Growth monitoring: family participation:

effective community development. Trop Doct 1999;29(1):23-7.



Conroy RM, Meegan ME, Joyce T, McGuigan K, Barnes J. Solar

disinfection of water reduces diarrhoeal disease: an update. Arch Dis

Child 1999;81(4):337-8.



Meegan M, Morley DC, Brown R. Child weighing by the unschooled: a

report of a controlled study of growth monitoring over 12 months of

Maasai children using direct recording scales. Trans R Soc Trop Med

Hyg 1994;88(6):635-7.


Conroy RM, Meegan ME. Dwindling donor aid for health programmes in

developing countries. Lancet 1994;343(8907):1228-9.


Meegan MK. Rethinking famine relief. Lancet 1992;340(8830):1293-4.



Meegan M, McCormick J. Prevention of disease in the poor world.

Lancet 1988;2(8603):152-3.

Meegan M. Starvation and suffering. Lancet 1983;2(8365-66):1506.


Meegan M. The reality of starvation and disease. Lancet 1981;1

(8212):146.

In preparation

Solar disinfection of drinking water (SODIS) in the prevention of dysentery in Kenyan children aged under 5 years, Environmental Science and Technology Journal, Oct 2011

Martella du Preez1, Ronan M. Conroy2, Sophie Ligondo3, James Hennessy3, Michael Elroy-Meegan3, Allan Soita3, Kevin G. McGuigan4

help fight famine in Africa ICROSS appeal

How can you help the worsening tragedy of suffering in Africa

You can get personally involved. You can help us get others involved. You can donate on line and you can ask your friends to donate. please share our links on your facebook, twitter and social media networks. You can help spread the word about poverty and how people can fight it. You can help us with fundraising. No matter how little every penny makes a difference and all your donation is spent where it matters serving the poorest of the poor. We need your help in this continued campaign during this terrible drought. We need every one to help no matter how they are able. If you can donate please do, If not please share our link with your friends. A growing number of children and mothers are suffering during this drought. There is increased dehydration, malnutrition, water borne disease, hunger and infectious disease among children and those most vulnerable , the old and the weak. ICROSS is working throughout its Rural health programmes preventing disease, reducing infections and improving water. With your help we can do more, and we need your help now.



For thirty years ICROSS has been working among tribal communities fighting poverty and ending suffering. We need your help right now. you can donate on http://www.icross-africa.net/ or through the store.




Here's a few comments from our friends

" I just donated a chicken that will give some child an egg every day, anyone can afford that" Jenny, 22 unemployed , London

"I I was not able to donate but I did share the web site with a few friends and one of them contributed towards girls education so it was worth the two minutes it took to do just that" Andrea,24 Student Nairobi

"ICROSS is very small but makes a real impact and because its personal I heard back what happened with my cash, I like the personal touch " Mary K, 45 Southampton

and from those we work with

" I could not go to school for days at a time every month, someone donated sanitary pads and now I don't miss school, Its a personal problem but many of my friends stopped school because of it, I don't know who helped me , but it has changed my future" Seleu, 16 Student


" My young sisters had become sick a lot and we had no money for food , no way of finding money, our cow died , then we had no milk or blood any day. ICROSS gave us a new cow and now they are having milk every day . without this they could have passed away " Thono 14 Maasai boy

" If I had not been helped I would be burying my daughter by now " Sigenan 23 Mother

Please send whatever you can and share our work with your friends.

http://icrossinternational.org/

ICROSS launches its 5th five year strategic plan 2011-2016

Today ICROSS released its latest five year plan. The strategic direction of ICROSS 2011-2016
takes into account the worsening poverty and increasing number of droughts in Sub Saharan Africa.
Our rights based approach has developed over the last thirty years learning from decades of public health and
disaster management. Apart from detailing our programmes targeting the most vulnerable children it sets out our community
health programme priorities. It also details our corporate governance, transparency, accountability and risk management policies as
an NGO and as a charity non profit.

This latest policy document sets the trend and focus of ICROSS rural health programmes for the future.
It details who we are and what we stand for, states our values and commitment to long term service and action.
The future is an exciting series of challenges. With a broad mix of skills, a great deal of expertise and a young fresh
team with new ideas and energy we have a young spirit and an insatiable energy to learn from our research and grow
with our communities. In this the 5th five year plan our direction is detailed until 2016. It is the result of community planning,
group work shops and feedback from partners and stakeholders nationally and internationally .

The International Director Dr Michael Meegan said " five member team who compiled the latest plan have over 130 person years of
field experience serving African communities and personal skills ranging from gender rights and community development to programme
management and global health. As with all strategies, this policy is dynamic and flexible constantly incorporating new innovations and developments."
You can download this new plan on the web site.

http://icrossinternational.org/
www.icross-africa.net
http://icrosskenya.org/
http://www.michaelmeegan.net/
http://icrossprojects.blogspot.com/
http://twitter.com/#!/ICROSSprojects

Updates ICROSS

Updated Resume
Dr Michael Meegan
Founder International Director ICROSS




ICROSS Rural Health Programmes, P. O. Box 507, Ngong Hills, Rift Valley, Kenya

mikemeegan@gmail.com
www.icrossinternational.org http://www.icross-africa.net/ http://icrosskenya.org/
www.michaelmeegan.com www.michaelmeegan.net

+ 254 721737394 (Kenya Office)

Consultant International health, Epidemiology, analysing health problems, belief systems, cultural public-health processes. Community based health programmes . Creating effective long term health changes, design of research systems Africa, Asia. Author, lecturer.

Doctorate in Medicine ( D.Med Hon, C) National University of Ireland 2006,
M.Sc (Community Health)1989, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
B.Phil (Hons) 1979 Milltown Park, Holy See
Ongoing learning: Ph.D “The importance of local appropriateness in the development of health programmes in Africa” Global Health (Dept International Health, Faculty of Medicine, Tampere University, Finland ) 2009-2012

FRAMI Fellow of the Royal Academy of Medicine of Ireland
East African Association of Anthropology, co-founder
Senior Research fellow, Centre of Culture and Development Baroda, Gujarat
Melvin Jones Fellow
Trinity College Association, life member

Languages : English ,French, Samburu, Maasai, Swahili

Areas of Professional Experience:

Programme Management and Development

• Thirty years in strategic public health planning, project development and successful fundraising for community based health and development projects. Experienced in negotiating with donors and the government. Negotiated Global fund and multi/bi lateral grants of over $12 million.

• Designed and developed culturally appropriate health care based programmes for nomadic peoples in East Africa.Developed Strategic public health Plan 2011-2016.

• Established and designed numerous community based projects with emphasis on development of community systems, including women’s development and youth programmes

• Provided programmatic management and directed famine relief operations across 21,000 sq. miles reaching 32,700 including follow-up and rehabilitation of severely malnourished children 2009Programmatic management including human and financial resource management to ICROSS to achieve project goals, including personnel management and organisational restructuring for Kenyan and Tanzanian Programmes

• Provided monitoring and evaluation of internationally funded projects in the ICROSS programme including supervision of project feedback, development of proposal design and undertaking feasibility studies

• Pioneered the use of dialogic methodology for education and facilitation at community level.Pioneered the use of cultural linguistic ethnography and the application of epistemological and epidemiological disciplines to PLWA and programme development

• Designed, developed and monitored the implementation of competency based and problem oriented training system, for traditional birth attendants, in collaboration with Ministry of Health Tanzania (village and District level)

• Provided team leadership, drawing together multi disciplinary teams from widely differing ethnic, religious and cultural backgrounds into cohesive effective teams.

Research and Consultancy

Areas of specialization.
Anthropology
19 years living among Samburu and Maasai pastoral nomadic tribal communities in semi-arid rural areas. Cultural ethnography, applied medical anthropology, application of belief systems to public health policies, academic and ethnographic interpretation of data using cultural mechanisms.
The use of community concepts such as meaning, religion, symbol, value, systems and behavioral modeling, truth and acceptance in structuring development strategies.

International Health
Experienced in developing community centered evaluation systems through the use of epistemology (ethnic cognitional theories) and cultural epidemiology.
Key consultancies include:

• Principal Investigator Kenya, International Consortium ,Alternative methods for mass water protection , led by Royal College of Surgeons 2007-10
• Visiting Lecturer , Dept International Health, Faculty of Medicine Tampere University 2008-2011
• Principle investigator Kenya , International collaborative study on Solar disinfection of drinking water, EU funded multi country research, RCSI 2005-2010
• Visiting lecturer, Gujarat, Centre for Culture and Development Baroda Jan 2008
• Community based new born care, 2007, CARE International Cambodia
• Women’s health and Safe Motherhood Programme, Ministry of Health, Manila, Philippines June 2002 – December 2005. European Union.
• Development on extended medical anthropological studies and field research components for malaria control: Surat Malaria Control and Research Project. India (1999) (DFID funded project)
• Epidemiology advisor to the Rapid Response Mechanism component for malaria control; Surat Malaria Control and Research Project. India (1998) (DFID funded project)
• Social Development Advisor to Surat Malaria Control and Research Project. Development aspects of malaria control in Surat District, Gujarat State India 1997-98 (DFID funded project).
• Clinical epidemiological and statistical advisor, Central Leprosy Teaching and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, India, Government of India, 1998 (DFID funded project). Clinical epidemiological and statistical Advisor, Central Leprosy Teaching and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, India, Government of India, 1999 (DFID funded project)Project preparation, communications component Child-to-Child modules (1995) (Kenya).
• Project appraisal: community participation/education and communication components of regional health care programme (Population and Health Services, Kenya 1994)



Programme Experience:
2000- to date: Founder and International Director ICROSS, Head Public Health Research Programme. Based in Kenya. Overseeing the development of ICROSS as a local NGO in Kenya, and Tanzania, providing technical support to policy and planning.

• Founder , International Director ICROSS , established registered charities in 5 countries.
• Founder, New World International Kenya, NWI UK , an advocacy, awareness and action group for Global development 2008 / NWI Kenya 2008
• Designed participatory systems, models of impact analysis and mechanisms for evaluation surveillance for long-term programmes.
• Training Kenyan and Tanzanian programme managers in problem solving skills and developing line management systems
• Director of research ensuring ongoing analysis of development impact supervising 11 collaborative medical research programmes in East Africa.
• Production of project write-ups including financial profiles, cost benefits analysis and impact assessments totaling $4 million in 05-06
• Responsible for the Africanisation of all ICROSS programmes 2001-2009
• Advisor to numerous official bodies including; REHAB Ireland, Consultants in Public Affairs, Dublin, Japanese Embassy, Nairobi, DANIDA, Local NGOs, local grassroots development groups and the Centre for Social Studies Gujarat, India.
• Sourced over $28 million in grants for ICROSS health programmes in Kenya while International Director between 1997-2004

1987 –1999 Director of Rural Health Programmes, ICROSS
Based in Kenya; Responsible for establishing ICROSS Tanzania as an autonomous NGO, assisting local NGOs in the development of self-sustaining strategies.
• Ensured capacity building through human resource development. Responsible for 47 separate health project activities, through 36 local NGOs in Kenya.
• Advisory Board member for the Kenya Association of Professional Counselors Adolescent project.
• Initiated and ensured epidemiological and anthropological research to support the development of indicators for impact assessment.

1981-1986 Field Director
Based in Kenya. Responsible for implementation and coordination of multiple development activities in Kenya, Somalia and Uganda, including: -
• Evaluation of projects already in place, looking particularly at their impact on vulnerable local communities, including women and the internally displaced.
• Networking of NGOS and field supervision of famine relief logistics of supplementary feeding and emergency relief activities in three semi desert areas.
• Evaluation of micro-credit options available to disadvantaged groups in rural areas, research into options and secure, where appropriate, alternative micro-credit schemes to establish small scale enterprises. Recommend new avenues for continuing support between ICROSS international, and UK/USA solidarity groups and local initiatives.
• Research and implementation of multiple development projects in partnership with nomadic people, local NGOs and government departments, focus areas included health care interventions, water conservation and appropriate agricultural development planning for semi arid areas.
• Evaluation and assessment of field projects in Mogadishu, Somalia

Illustrative awards
2008
-Premio internazionale Exposcuola per l'impegno civile Italy, International Humanitarian award of the Exposcuola.
-International Angelo della Pace for 2008 The Rachel Foundation Italy
2006
Fellow of the Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland 10 May 2006
Doctorate in Medicine D.Med (Honoris Causa) National University of Ireland 10 April 2006
2003
International Person of the year,
Irish National Awards , November 2003
1995
Melvin Jones Fellow
Humanitarian services
Lions Clubs International 1995
1988
Past Pupil of the Year
Terenure College 1988






Illustrative Research Articles and Publications

1. Elmore-Meegan M, Conroy RM, . Sex workers in Kenya,
numbers of clients and associated risks: an exploratory survey.
Reprod Health Matters 2004;12(23):50-7.

2. Meegan ME, Conroy RM, Lengeny SO, Renhault K, Nyangole J. Effect
on neonatal tetanus mortality after a culturally-based health
promotion programme. Lancet 2001;358(9282):640-1.

3. Conroy RM, Meegan ME, Joyce T, McGuigan K, Barnes J. Solar
disinfection of drinking water protects against cholera in children
under 6 years of age. Arch Dis Child 2001;85(4):293-5.

4. Meegan M, Morley DC. Growth monitoring: family participation:
effective community development. Trop Doct 1999;29(1):23-7.

5. Conroy RM, Meegan ME, Joyce T, McGuigan K, Barnes J. Solar
disinfection of water reduces diarrhoeal disease: an update. Arch Dis
Child 1999;81(4):337-8.

6. Meegan M, Morley D, Chavasse D. Fly traps. Lancet 1997;349(9055):886.

7. Meegan M, Morley DC, Brown R. Child weighing by the unschooled: a
report of a controlled study of growth monitoring over 12 months of
Maasai children using direct recording scales. Trans R Soc Trop Med
Hyg 1994;88(6):635-7.

8. Conroy RM, Meegan ME. Dwindling donor aid for health programmes in
developing countries. Lancet 1994;343(8907):1228-9.

9. Meegan MK. Rethinking famine relief. Lancet 1992;340(8830):1293-4.

10. Konings E, Anderson RM, Morley D, O'Riordan T, Meegan M. Rates of
sexual partner change among two pastoralist southern Nilotic groups
in east Africa. Aids 1989;3(4):245-7.

11. Meegan M, McCormick J. Prevention of disease in the poor world.
Lancet 1988;2(8603):152-3.
12. Meegan M. Starvation and suffering. Lancet 1983;2(8365-66):1506.

13. Meegan M. The reality of starvation and disease. Lancet 1981;1
(8212):146.


In Preparation
Solar disinfection of drinking water (SODIS) in the prevention of dysentery in Kenyan children aged under 5 years, Environmental Science and Technology Journal,September 2011
Martella du Preez1, Ronan M. Conroy2, Sophie Ligondo3, James Hennessy3, Michael Elroy-Meegan3, Allan Soita3, Kevin G. McGuigan4

Published Books
Changing the World
Feb 2009 256 pgs www.eye-books.com

Take my hand, a spiritual journey
With Sharon Wilkinson, Forward by T Hogan, 58 pgs www.michaelmeegan.com July 2008

Surprised by joy; a story of hope in the midst of tragedy ( forward by Stephen Sackur BBC ) 156 pgs July 2006 www.maverickhouse.com

All Will be Well (Forward by John Hurt) Eye-Books, 149 pgs
May 2004. ISBN 1903070279 www.eye-book.com

All Shall be Well, Forward by John Powell SJ, ISBN 000-627006-9, Collins. 146 pgs. First edition 1986, Reprint Jan 1999.

In preparation
The path of change
Meegan M ,Conroy R Scrima M
Eye Books May 2012 www.eye-books.com

The Tribe of One With Colin Meagle www.eye-books.com
May 2012

So you want o be a volunteer A guide for International volunteers

Journies in the underworld: a novel
With Thomas Ernst, Penelope Shales, Sharon Wilkinson, Allberto Bellu

The secret of Light Fortress monastery on Montpellier, guarding the secrets of the last mystics of Jerusalem 1200 pgs, historical Novel 2013

Illustrative general articles
AFRO Journal Italy, regular contributor on Global health, poverty and International health trends and patterning Oct 09 Feb 09 Dialogue on Diarrhoea , regular contributor
World Health Organsation (WHO ) guidelines Trachoma prevention, fly traps , M Elmore-Meegan Prof D Morely et al, Geneva, Switzerland. 2001

Peer Reviews for key publications & major conferences and journals incl Int AIDS Conference

Scientific conferences and presentations (illustrative)

Health care in regions of absolute Poverty
Seminar , Dept International health, Faculty of Medicine
University of Tampere, Finland 30th November 2009

SODIS in KENYA, 20 years of field implementaton
SODIS International Conference Phnom Phen Cambodia
International seminar of the impact of Solar disinfection


International Research Colloquium of the Network to promote
Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage (HWTS), Twenty years of SODIS in Kenya.
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 21st - 23rd September 2009

Changing dynamics of Morbidity, Mortality and poverty of children in the Third World.
Senate Hearing, Italian Senate, Rome
Senatorial Commission on International Children’s Rights , At the request of Italian Senate Commission, Rome , 31st April 2009

Global health and interdependency,
The Royal College of Surgeons Charter day lecture 2009
Royal College of Surgeons,Dublin. 12th Feb 2009

Emerging mega-trends in Global health
Future shocks; disasters and relief in a changing world, RedR Conference, Royal College of nursing, London, 5th December, 2007

Locally appropriate technologies in low income settings, Dept International health, Tampere University, Finland. 29th Nov 2007

Applied operational study of pain determinants in terminally ill patients in Bondo, Kenya XVI International AIDS Conference,Toronto, August 06 Francis,P,Meegan,M

The 46th Robert Graves Lecture
Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland
Creating long term change through culturally acceptable cost effective public health interventions.
Dublin 10 May 06
IFCW World Forum. “AIDS orphans & Vulnerable Children; an evidence-led response.” Cape Town, South Africa. 2003
Annual Consultative Review, Manitoba and Nairobi Universities Collaborative Conference. “An assessment of home-based care interventions among 2,116 terminally ill patients in Bondo and Siaya using clinically validated scales.
Interim results.” Nairobi, Kenya. 2003

"AIDS and the changing face of Africa: The impact on children, WUSC-Carleton, Médecins Sans Frontières, CARE Carlton University Canada, 25th Nov 2002

Annual Consultative Review, Manitoba and Nairobi Universities Collaborative Conference. “Modeling cultural determinants of sexual behavior” - A Pilot Study. Nairobi, Kenya. 2002

Annual Consultative Review, Manitoba and Nairobi Universities Collaborative Conference. “AIDS, children and poverty, an alternative model to international Aid, ‘Love, evidence and common sense.” Nairobi, Kenya. 2002.

WHO Trachoma conference
. “Effect of fly control using sustainable
 interventions on the prevalence of Trachoma in five pastoral tribes in Kenya.” Geneva, Switzerland. 2001

Child Survival. Alternative strategies in reducing infant mortality” International Conference on Child survival. Nairobi, Kenya. 2001

Identifying emerging needs among AIDS orphans in Kenya. “Multicentre Matched Perspective Control Study of 2,786 Children Orphaned by AIDS, 2,420 other Orphans and 3,400”
Nairobi, Kenya. 2000


AIDS orphans. “An emerging crisis: a USAID sponsored conference.” Nanyuki. Kenya. 2000
Annual Consultative Review, Manitoba and Nairobi Universities Collaborative Conference. “Multi centre Matched Perspective Control Study of 2,786 Children
Orphaned by AIDS, 2,420 other Orphans and 3,400.” Nairobi, Kenya. 2000
East African Association of Anthropologists inaugural Conference. “Anthropology and ethnography.” Nairobi, Kenya. 2000

ICROSS continues to fight drought in Kenya

ICROSS continues to fight drought in Kenya

ICROSS continues fighting poverty and hunger through its network of clinics. While Southern Kenya is not worst hit, a growing number of malnourished children are falling into serious malnutrition. The untold suffering caused by this drought has wiped out most of the domestic livestock. The communities are struggling to Survive. ICROSS Medical teams and health staff are extending the nutritional care to reach more families every week. With your help we can help more families survive the worsening drought.

Dr Michael Meegan was in Longosua today at the heart of Maasailand . Speaking with community leaders in Longosua he renewed ICROSS committment in 2011 to reduce dehydration and improve the nutrition of malnourished children.

There have been 42 droughts in the Horn of Africa since ICROSS started in 1979, affecting an estimated 109 million people; with 47 million people experiencing drought in the region in the last decade alone. The most well-known famine took place in Ethiopia in 1984; some estimates put the death toll as high as one million.


ICROSS Kenya remains committed to LONG TERM service of the tribal pastoral nomads. We are building long term child survival and safe motherhood to reduce suffering and build long range systems for the future.

more on


While most of the US$2.4 billion required to feed people affected by the food crisis will come from rich countries, local populations and the diaspora are also doing their bit. Just one week after it began, the Kenyans for Kenya initiative has already raised more than $1.3 million from private citizens using mobile cash transfer services and taking donations of as little as $0.10; the first consignment of food was sent from the capital, Nairobi, on 31 July.



Feeding the malnourished - By the time help reaches them, many adults and children require therapeutic feeding to regain their strength and get back to a healthy weight. Some of the products WFP uses to improve the nutritional intake of drought-affected people are:

* Fortified blended foods: Blends of partially pre-cooked and milled cereals, soya, beans, pulses fortified with vitamins and minerals. These are usually mixed with water and cooked as porridge and provide about 380 Kcal per 100g. The most commonly used FBF is corn soya blend.

* Ready-to-use foods: According to WFP, these are better suited to meet the nutritional needs of young and moderately malnourished children than fortified blended foods. Mainly used in emergency operations and designed to be eaten in small quantities as a supplement to the regular diet, ready-to-use foods such as Plumpy’doz contain peanut paste, vegetable fat, skimmed milk powder, whey and sugar; 100g provides more than 500 Kcal.

* High-energy biscuits: These wheat-based biscuits, which provide 450 Kcal per 100g, are fortified with vitamins and minerals and are usually used early on in emergency feeding programme, before cooking facilities are widely available.

* Sprinkles - This is a tasteless powder containing the recommended daily intake of 16 vitamins and minerals for one person; it can be sprinkled on to home-prepared food after cooking.

* Compressed food bars - made from baked wheat flour, vegetable fat, sugar, soya protein concentrate and malt extract, these bars are used in disaster relief operations when local food cannot be distributed or prepared. They can be eaten as a bar straight from the package or crumbled into water and eaten as porridge, and contain 250 Kcal and 8.1g of protein per 56g bar.


Michael Elmore-Meegan MSc Community Health TCD
D Med HC NUI FRAMI
Founder, International Director ICROSS
http://icrossinternational.org/
www.icross-africa.net
http://icrosskenya.org/
http://www.michaelmeegan.net/
http://icrossprojects.blogspot.com/
http://twitter.com/#!/ICROSSprojects